Review (Published online: 14-02-2024)
7. Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health
Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shendy Canadya Kurniawan, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Agus Widodo, Abdullah Hasib, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Maria Aega Gelolodo, Dyah Ayu Kurniawati, Sancaka Chasyer Ramandinianto, Daniah Ashri Afnani, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, and Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
International Journal of One Health, 10(1): 45-55
Aswin Rafif Khairullah: Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia.
Shendy Canadya Kurniawan: Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands.
Mustofa Helmi Effendi: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia.
Agus Widodo: Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan No. 28-30, Kampus B Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia.
Abdullah Hasib: School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Queensland.
Otto Sahat Martua Silaen: Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses: Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480211, Nigeria.
Sheila Marty Yanestria: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Jl. Dukuh Kupang XXV No.54, Dukuh Kupang, Dukuh Pakis, Surabaya 60225, East Java, Indonesia.
Maria Aega Gelolodo: Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl. Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Dyah Ayu Kurniawati: Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 30, Bogor 16114, West Java, Indonesia.
Sancaka Chasyer Ramandinianto: Lingkar Satwa Animal Care Clinic. Jl. Sumatera No. 31L, Gubeng, Surabaya 60281, East Java, Indonesia.
Daniah Ashri Afnani: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu: Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika. Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo: Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480211, Nigeria.
doi: 10.14202/IJOH.2024.45-55
Article history: Received: 12-10-2023, Accepted: 02-02-2024, Published online: 14-02-2024
Corresponding author: Mustofa Helmi Effendi
E-mail: mhelmieffendi@gmail.com
Citation: Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, Widodo A, Hasib A, Silaen OSM, Moses IB, Yanestria SM, Gelolodo MA, Kurniawati DA, Ramandinianto SC, Afnani DA, Riwu KHP, and Ugbo EN (2024) Anthrax disease burden: Impact on animal and human health, Int. J. One Health, 10(1): 45-55.
Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax.
