Preparation of hyperimmune serum against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from animal products in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: An epidemiological perspective

Research Article

International Journal of One Health, 11(1): 121-127

https://doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2025.121-127

I. Wayan Masa Tenaya¹, Kadek Karang Agustina¹, I. Ketut Suada¹, I. Made Sukada¹, Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa¹, Ida Ayu Pasti Apsari², Tri Komala Sari³, Ni Made Handayani⁴, and Hamong Suharsono⁵

1. Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. Lkr. Timur Unud, Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia.
2. Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. Lkr. Timur Unud, Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia.
3. Laboratory of Virology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. Lkr. Timur Unud, Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia.
4. Disease Investigation Center Denpasar, Jln. Raya Sesetan 266 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.
5. Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. Lkr. Timur Unud, Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli), poses a significant threat to public health, animal health, and environmental safety. Traditional antibiotics are increasingly ineffective, necessitating alternative approaches such as immunotherapy. Hyperimmune serum represents a potential solution to combat MDR pathogens by providing immediate passive immunity. The present study aimed to produce and evaluate hyperimmune serum against MDR E. coli isolated from animal products in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy against AMR.

Materials and Methods: Five MDR E. coli isolates resistant to eight antibiotics were obtained from the Quality Testing and Certification Center for Animal Products in Bogor, Indonesia. Isolates originated from Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara. Bacterial isolates were cultured in Yeast Tris (YT) broth medium supplemented with antibiotics. Bacterial proteins were extracted, solubilized, and emulsified with Freund’s complete and incomplete adjuvants. A 2-year-old horse was immunized with prepared antigens through intramuscular injections over 6 weeks, followed by intravenous administration. Serum was collected pre- and post-immunization. Confirmation of the hyperimmune serum’s specificity and neutralizing capability was performed using an in vitro agar plate test.

Results: Successful growth of MDR E. coli isolates was confirmed in antibiotic-supplemented media, whereas no growth was observed in the antibiotic-sensitive native control. Hyperimmune serum obtained post-immunization exhibited strong in vitro specificity, recognized homologous MDR E. coli isolates, and formed significant neutralization zones (5–6 mm) around agar diffusion disks. Pre-immunization serum showed no reactivity, demonstrating effective production of specific antibodies. The neutralization zones were slightly smaller than those achieved with chloramphenicol control, indicating effective but slightly reduced bactericidal activity.

Conclusion: The study successfully demonstrated that hyperimmune serum generated from MDR E. coli isolates from animal products has specific neutralizing activity against homologous MDR bacterial strains. These findings support the potential application of hyperimmune sera as an immunotherapeutic tool to mitigate AMR-related infections. Further research is necessary to standardize Immunoglobulin G concentrations, determine optimal immunization protocols, and evaluate clinical efficacy in vivo. The hyperimmune serum preparation represents a promising advancement for tackling MDR bacterial infections and contributes substantially to One Health strategies aimed at reducing the public health threat posed by AMR.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, hyperimmune serum, immunotherapy, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, One Health.

How to cite this article: Tenaya IWM, Agustina KK, Suada IK, Sukada IM, Mufa RMD, Apsari IAP, Sari TK, Handayani NM, and Suharsono H (2025) Preparation of hyperimmune serum against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from animal products in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: An epidemiological perspective, Int. J. One Health, 11(1): 121-127.

Received: 28-08-2024 Accepted: Accepted: 27-02-2025 Published online: 04-05-2025

Corresponding author: I. Wayan Masa Tenaya E-mail: masatenaya@unud.ac.id

DOI: 10.14202/IJOH.2025.121-127

Copyright: Tenaya, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.